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While psychology typically focuses on the treatment of mental health disorders, positive psychology is the study of happiness and what makes life worthwhile. Positive psychology is the scientific study of the elements and influences that are responsible for optimal functioning. Martin Seligman, Ph.D., believes that positive feelings stem from personal strengths and virtues rather than from shortcuts, such as drugs, alcohol, chocolate, shopping and television. Seligman is a psychologist and author of several books on the topic of positive psychology. He wrote, “Positive emotions alienated from the exercise of character leads to emptiness, inauthenticity and depression.” Seligman differentiates between pleasure and gratification. The positive feelings from pleasurable activities such as watching a movie, eating dessert or spending time with friends cannot compare with the positive feelings of gratification. Gratification and good feelings come from using your strengths and virtues to meet a challenge. Strength and virtue are enduring positive traits, while pleasure is a momentary feeling that is not a personality trait. Positive and negative traits initiate feelings. The positive trait of optimism leads to the interpretation of problems as being temporary and controllable; the optimist believes their difficulties in life are surmountable. On the other hand, the trait of pessimism can lead to the belief that problems will endure forever and are uncontrollable. Pessimists are at least eight times more likely to develop depression when negative experiences occur and to have shorter lives.